壁纸产品是如何制造：如何生产壁纸呢？_墙纸王_赛万墙纸地毯窗帘

壁纸产品是如何制造：如何生产壁纸呢？

背景

Wallpaper is a nonwoven (paper) or woven (fabric) backing, decoratively printed for application to walls of a residence or business.墙纸是一个无纺布（纸）或编织（布）的支持，decoratively申请的住所或经营墙壁打印。 Wallpaper is not considered essential to the decoration of a structure; however, it has become a primary method by which to impart style, atmosphere, or color into a room.墙纸不被认为必不可少的结构装饰，但它已成为一个主要方法，用以传递到一个房间的风格，大气，或颜色。

The wallpaper industry divides the manufacture of wallpaper into those used in residences and those hung in businesses or other public buildings.墙纸行业分为中使用的住宅的墙纸生产和那些在企业或其他公共建筑物悬挂。 The two categories of paper differ in weight, serviceability, and quality standards.纸的两类不同的重量，功能和质量标准。 Residential-use wallpapers are made from various materials and can be purchased prepasted or unpasted.住宅使用的壁纸是多种材质，可购买prepasted或unpasted。 There are no mandated serviceability tests for residential papers.没有文件规定的住宅适用性测试。 The commercial-grade wallpapers are divided into categories based on weight, backing composition, and laminate/coating thickness.商业级壁纸，分为重量进行分类，支持组成，层压/涂层厚度。 All commercial-use wallpapers must have a vinyl surface and pass rigorous physical and visual tests as mandated by the Chemical Fabrics and Film Association.所有商业用途必须有壁纸乙烯基表面，并通过严格的身体和视觉由化纤织物和电影家协会的授权测试。

There are four popular methods used to print wallpapers, and designers choose the printing technique based on cost as well as aesthetics.有用于印刷壁纸四个流行的方法，选择和设计印刷技术的基础上成本以及美学。

History历史

The earliest wallpapers used in Europe as early as the thirteenth century were painted with images of popular religious icons.在欧洲最早用于在13世纪早期的民间宗教与图标的图像画壁纸。 These " domino papers" were pasted within homes of the devout; however, they also enlivened the bleak homes of the poor.这些“ 多米诺骨牌文件”被贴在了虔诚的家园，但他们也活跃了穷人的暗淡的家园。 Within the next few centuries, papers were hand block-printed, but only remained popular with the poor.在接下来的几个世纪中，文件是手工木刻本，但只有保持与穷人的爱戴。

By the sixteenth century, however, more expensive wallcovering , depicting tapestries hung in homes of nobility, became popular with the middle class.到了16世纪，然而，更昂贵的墙纸，壁毯挂在描写贵族家庭，成为与中产阶层的欢迎。 Small sheets either carried a repeating image, or several blocks produced a pattern spread across many sheets.小板也进行重复的图片或几个街区在许多张制作模式的蔓延。 Fashionable eighteenth century Americans puchased wallpapers from France and England; "paper stainers" were producing wallpapers in this country by the early nineteenth century if not before.时尚18世纪的美国人puchased从法国和英国的壁纸，“纸stainers”正在生产的19世纪初，壁纸在这个国家，如果不是之前。

Two problems plagued wallpaper stainers until the mid-nineteenth century.两个问题困扰墙纸stainers直到19世纪中叶。 One was the problem of producing long sheets of paper for printing, the other was printing attractive wallpaper inexpensively.之一，是生产纸张的长张印刷的问题，另一个是有吸引力的墙纸印刷便宜。 Until the mid-1700s, rag-based paper was individually printed in sheets, then applied to walls.直到18世纪中叶，抹布的文件是单独印刷板，然后将其应用于墙壁。 Then, wallpaper manufacturers were pasting the pieces together, ground coating them, then printing.然后，墙纸制造商粘贴而成，地面涂料他们，然后打印。 In the late nineteenth century, the paper industry developed "endless" paper, or paper made in very long strips.在19世纪后期，造纸行业发展的“没完没了”的文件，或在很长条纸。 By 1870, wood pulp had supplanted rag stock, resulting in a very cheap backing for wallcovering.到1870年，木浆已取代抹布的股票，在一个非常便宜的墙纸支持造成。

In the nineteenth century, printing costs were greatly reduced by abandoning labor-intensive block printing in favor of cylinder printing.在19世纪，印刷成本大大降低，放弃劳动密集型的瓶装印刷雕版印刷密集的青睐。 Wood-block printers applied each color by hand using a separate block for each color in the pattern.木版印刷采用手工每种颜色使用的每个图案颜色一个单独的块。 Thus, each block had to be inked with the right color, pressed down on the paper, tapped to ensure a quality imprint, lifted up, and reinked as the printer moved down the paper roll—an expensive process.因此，每块都必须签署与正确的颜色，压下来的文件，挖掘，以确保质量的印记，抬起，并reinked作为打印机提出了纸辊，一个昂贵的过程。 Wood blocks were supplanted by copper cylinders, which carried the design below the surface of the roll, each roll printing a single color.木块取代了铜筒，而这方低于辊面的设计，每卷打印一种颜色。 The cylinders were mounted within one machine and the paper was mechanically fed between cylinders until the paper was completely printed—no hand printing involved.汽缸内的一台机器安装的文件是机械气缸之间的喂养，直至完全打印纸，手工印刷没有涉及。 Thus, by about 1885 wood pulp paper printed with cylinders so greatly reduced wallpaper costs that it was cheaper to wallpaper a house in the United States than to paint it.因此，通过对1885年木浆纸，印刷等瓶装壁纸成本大大降低，这是便宜墙纸在美国的房子比绘制它。

More recent advances include development of additional printing methods, new inks and solvents, and use of latex and vinyl as coatings or laminates.最近的进展，包括额外的印刷方法，新的油墨和溶剂的发展，以及乳胶和涂料乙烯或层压使用。

原材料

Wallpaper consists of a backing, ground coat, applied ink, and sometimes paste on the backing used to adhere the paper to the wall.墙纸包括一个支持，地面应用墨水大衣，有时在一惯坚持的文件在墙上贴的支持。 Non-woven backings can be of ground wood, wood pulp, or wood pulp with synthetic material.无纺布背衬，可地面木材，木浆，或合成材料木浆。 Woven backings are those made of sturdy woven textiles such as drill (heavy woven cotton much like jean material).编织底衬是坚固的机织纺织品作出如钻的（重，棉布很像牛仔材料）。 The woven backing is then coated and printed.机织的支持，然后涂和印刷。

The ground coat is the background color laid on the surface, which receives the printed pattern.地面层的背景颜色是表面上，可以接收印刷图案基础。 Coatings or laminates are made of latex or vinyl ( polyvinyl chloride ) and render the paper durable and strippable.涂层或层压板是由乳胶或乙烯（聚氯乙烯）和提供的文件持久和剥离。 Ground coats also include additives that enhance the ease of handling, opacity , and drapability of the paper.地面大衣还包括添加剂增强处理，不透明缓解和悬垂性文件。

The paper is printed with inks composed of pigment and a vehicle which ties the ink to the backing.该文件是印有颜料墨水组成的车辆和关系的油墨的支持。 Solvents can be acetone or water, for example.溶剂可丙酮，水等等。 Printers choose inks carefully as the solvents they include affect the drying time and production time between color applications of the paper.打印机油墨仔细选择的溶剂它们包括影响干燥时间和生产之间的纸张颜色申请的时间。

Pastes may or may not be applied to wallpapers.粘贴不一定适用于墙纸。 If they are, they are usually made up of cornstarch or wheat starch and are applied wet to the backing.如果是这样，它们通常由玉米淀粉或小麦淀粉和应用湿的支持。 Prepasted wallpapers must be rewetted for adhesion to the wall. Prepasted壁纸必须rewetted为粘附在墙上。

Design设计

New wallpaper designs are generally derived from sketches purchased from a staff designer or freelance wallpaper designer.新的墙纸设计一般是来自设计师的工作人员或自由职业者购买的墙纸设计草图。 The artist lays out the design on tracing paper and completes at least a partial pencil sketch.艺术家勾画出追查文件的设计和完成至少是部分的铅笔素描。 The marketing and design staff will then decide if the paper is the right "fit" for a specific look or line.在市场营销和设计人员，然后决定是否是正确的文件“适合特定的外观或线”。 If the design is accepted, the artist produces a full-scale color sketch in various colors and palettes.如果设计被接受，艺术家产生不同的颜色和调色板全面的彩色素描。

After the printing process is chosen, the sketch is fine tuned to fit the requirements of the printing process and the pattern is sent to the engraver or screen-maker.后印刷过程中被选中，素描是微调，以适应印刷工艺的要求和模式发送到雕刻或屏幕制造商。 Once the cylinder or screens are in place and a few pattern repeats are printed, a "strike off' (sample wallpaper) is printed to test the color and pattern. When okayed, the paper is commercially printed in large runs.一旦缸或屏幕到位，一些印有重复的模式，是“剔除'（样本墙纸）打印测试的颜色和图案。当赞同通过，该文件是运行在大型商业印刷。

制造业
Process工艺

Making the paper 制作的文件

1 Ground wood sheets of paper are produced by using an entire tree, removing the bark, and pressing the tree against a revolving tread , which grinds the wood into slurry . 1地面张纸生产木材用整个树，消除树皮，然后按对一个旋转花纹，它研磨成浆材树。 The slurry is used to make a ground wood sheet—a relatively inexpensive wall-paper backing.料浆是用来制造地面木板，一个相对便宜的墙纸支持。

Wood pulp sheets are made by debarking a tree and chipping the tree into a slurry.木浆板是由剥皮树和奇成浆树。 The mixture is run through a pulp mill where chlorine dioxide and oxygen are added to separate the lignin (which cements the woody cell walls together) from the rest of the wood pulp and bleaches the pulp.混合物通过一个纸浆厂运行情况二氧化氯和氧气被添加到不同的木质素（这进一步巩固了木质细胞壁在一起）从木浆休息和漂白剂的纸浆。 Wood pulp sheets with fibers can have synthetic fibers added to give the paper additional texture.与纤维木浆板可以增加合成纤维给文件额外的纹理。

A roll of paper from the paper mill is 65 in (1.65 m) wide, possibly as long as 22,000 ft (6,706 m), and weighs approximately one ton .从一纸文件轧辊是65（1.65米），甚至可能高达22,000英尺（6706米），长，重约1 吨。 Once sold to a printer, each paper roll is cut into six sub-rolls which are 21 in (53 cm) wide by 10,000 ft (3,048 m) long.一旦出售给一台打印机，每个纸卷是切成六个分卷是在（53厘米）宽21万英尺（3,048米）长。

Coating 涂料

2 Before the pattern is printed, the backing must be coated with a ground color. 2在打印模式，支持必须与地面涂色。 Ground wood sheets are coated with colored vinyl (PVC), which varies in thickness depending on the durability and strippability of paper under production.木薄片地面涂有彩色乙烯（PVC）的，在厚度不同而不同的耐用性和在生产纸剥离。 Vinyl may also be laminated to backings for exceptional serviceability.乙烯也可为特殊复合适用性有恃无恐。

Wood pulp sheets are coated with one or all of the following: kaolin clay for drapability, titanium dioxide for opacity, and latex for ease in handling and color.木浆表是涂有一个或所有以下：对悬垂性高岭土黏土，为不透明二氧化钛，以及在处理和色彩容易乳胶。

Printing 印刷

There are four possible types of printing techniques.有四种类型的印刷技术的可能。

Surface printing. Metal rollers impregnated with a raised rubber pattern are mounted on a single machine. 表面印刷。与模式提出了橡胶浸渍金属辊安装在一台机器。 Ink is applied to the surface roller, and the ink lays in the hills or rubber pattern sitting above the surface of the roller.油墨适用于表面辊，墨在山上或以上的橡胶辊表面的模式奠定了会议。 The ink is then pressed onto the paper.墨水，然后压上的文件。
Gravure printing. Each color of the pattern is printed with a single roller. 凹版印刷。每个图案的颜色，是印有单辊。 Copper cylinders are laser-etched then chrome-plated for durability.铜罐是用激光蚀刻然后铬镀的耐久性。 Large gravure-printing machines hold a maximum of 12 cylinders that together create the whole pattern.大凹版印花机持有最多的12汽缸共同创建整个格局。 The paper roll moves to one cylinder, a back roller picks up color and pushes it against an engraved roller.该文件移动到一个辊筒，一滚了颜色重新复苏和推动对一个雕刻辊子。 A steel doctor blade pushes against the engraved cylinder, forcing ink into the etched detail.阿钢刮刀刻推缸反对，强行进入详细蚀刻油墨。 A rubber roller then presses paper against the cylinder, enabling it to pick up the ink in the valleys of the engraving .甲胶辊压文件，然后对汽缸，使之能够拿起在雕刻山谷的墨水。 Finally, rollers carry the paper away from the cylinder into a dryer , where the ink is set.最后，压路机携带的文件远离缸到烘干机，其中油墨设置。 Once the ink is dry, the process begins again with the next cylinder.一旦墨迹未干，这个过程重新开始下一个缸。
5 Silk screen printing. Stencils for each color present in the pattern are created from silk mesh screen, using a photographic process. 5 丝网印刷。为每个图案颜色目前模具创建的丝绸网屏，采用摄影的过程。 First, a photographic negative is made of the pattern.首先，摄影是否定的方式作出。 Then, a silk screen approximately 36 in (91 cm) long is stretched taut over a magnesium or wood frame.然后，丝网（91厘米）约36长拉伸超过镁或木框绷紧。 The screen is coated with a light sensitive emulsion , and the negative is placed on top of the screen.屏幕是涂有感光乳剂，负是在屏幕的上方放置。 Once hit with bright light, the emulsion hardens in the areas not covered by the negative, forming a stencil .一旦击中明亮的光，在未覆盖的地区的负面乳液硬化，形成了模具。

Paper is set upon a long table, a screen stencil is placed on top, and ink is applied by a scraper or squeegee .纸张设置后，一长条桌，一个屏幕模板放在顶端，油墨适用于由刮刀或刮。 Color is deposited on the paper where the screen permits the ink to pass through to the paper.色彩是沉积在其中的文件屏幕允许油墨通过该文件。 The stencil is picked up, moved down the paper, and inked again along the entire length of the paper roll.该模具是拿起，提出了纸，并签署了沿整纸了。

Before the next color is applied, the ink is thoroughly dried.前下的颜色是适用的油墨彻底干燥。 Each screen is carefully put down with blocks, guides, etc. so that the pattern is aligned and repeats without breaks.每个屏幕正仔细放下了块，导游等，从而使模式保持一致，没有休息重复。 Hand printing produces patterns with thick, evenly applied color.手印刷生产厚，均匀地应用于彩色图案。 Theoretically, the number of colors used in the screening process is limitless ; however, the high cost of hand printing necessarily limits the number of colors companies can include in the pattern.从理论上说，在筛选过程中使用的颜色数是无限的，但手印刷成本高，必然受到限制的公司数目的颜色可以包括模式。
Rotary printing. This type of printing process combines the mechanics of gravure printing with the precision of photographically produced stencils. 轮转印刷。这种类型的印刷工艺相结合的摄影与精密模具生产的凹印印刷的机制。 Mesh stencils are wrapped around hollow tubes mounted within a machine.丝网模具是缠在机器内安装空心管。 Ink continuously flows through the film-wrapped tubes and onto paper, imparting a tremendous amount of color (a maximum of 12 colors).油墨不断流经膜包装管和在纸上，传授了大量的颜色（12色的最大值）。 This technique resembles the more expensive silk-screening, but it can print much more quickly—approximately 80 yd (73.12 m) of wallpaper per minute.这种技术类似于更昂贵的丝印，但它可以更快地打印，大约80 码（73.12米每分钟的墙纸）。

Prepasting Prepasting

Printed wallpaper is rolled with a wet cornstarch or wheat starch-based coating and then dried.印花墙纸是卷起来的湿生粉或小麦淀粉基涂层，然后晾干。

Packaging 包装

Residential-use wallpapers are cut down from 3,000 yd (2,742 m) rolls to 15 yd (13.71 m) rolls.住宅使用的壁纸是减少从3000码（二千七百四十二米）纸卷一十五码（13.71米）卷。 Commercial-use rolls are generally packaged in 30, 45, and 60 yd (27, 41, and 55 m) rolls.商业用途辊一般包装在30，45，和六十零码（27，41和55米）卷。 A printed label, run number, and hanging instructions are placed against each roll and shrink wrapped together.印刷标签，运行数量，悬挂的指示放在对每卷和收缩包装在一起。 Rolls are stored in a warehouse until final shipment .罗尔斯储存在仓库，直到最后出货。

质量控制 The Chemical Fabric and Film Association (CFFA) has devised quality standards for commercial-use vinyl coated wallcoverings.在化学纤维和电影协会（CFFA）已制定了商业使用的乙烯基涂层壁纸质量标准。 The various categories of commercial-use papers have different physical test requirements specified in CFFA Quality Standard documents.商业使用的文件有不同的物理测试CFFA文件中规定的质量标准要求的各种类别。 All papers must undergo testing on such attributes as minimum coating weight, tensile strength , tear strength, coating adhesion, abrasion resistance , flame spread, smoke development, shrinkage, heat aging, stain resistance, etc.所有文件必须接受的最低限度的涂布量，拉伸强度，撕裂等属性测试强度，涂层的附着力，耐磨性，火焰蔓延，烟雾的发展，收缩，耐热老化性，耐污染性等 Each wallpaper printing company conducts visual inspections in the form of spot checks or representative product samplings to ensure their product conforms to certain values established by the manufacturer.每个壁纸印刷公司进行了现场检查或其代表产品抽样形式的视觉检查，以确保其产品符合制造商设立的某些价值观。 Generally, wood pulp and ground wood paper backings are given visual checks to see if there is foreign matter imbedded in the backing.一般来说，木材纸浆和木材纸张有恃无恐地给予视觉检查是否有异物嵌入的支持。 When woven backings are received by printers, the printer checks thread count and physically tests the fabric for minimum requirements.当织底衬收到的打印机，打印机检查线程数和物理测试织物的最低要求。 As the backing is printed, constant visual checks ensure proper adhesion of vinyl to backing, correct color, no streaking or unwanted shading, trimmed edges, etc. Representative samples are physically and visually examined before being cut into smaller rolls.由于支持打印，不断肉眼检查，确保适当的粘附乙烯支持，正确的颜色，没有裸奔或不必要的阴影，修整边缘，样本等代表身体和视力审核，才成更小的滚动晋级。